The authors, Yanbing Chen, Conor Buggy, and Seamus Kelly, declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher’s Note

At all costs Synonyms | Collins English Thesaurus At all costs Synonyms | Collins English Thesaurus

Nilstad A, Andersen TE, Bahr R, Holme I, Steffen K. Risk factors for lower extremity injuries in elite female soccer players. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(4):940–8. Through these stories, it becomes clear that the impact of abuse lasts long after an athlete has stopped competing. Narcissists often use this tactic when they dont understand what another person is saying. Rather than admit they are confused, they pretend that what the other person is saying is beyond belief. This is an attempt to dismiss valid concerns. Blank C, Leichtfried V, Schaiter R, Fuerhapter C, Mueller D, Schobersberger W. Doping in sports: knowledge and attitudes among parents of Austrian junior athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(1):116–24.CEOs and CMOs Are Butting Heads at More Companies Than We Know — and It's Been Going on for Some Time Boyer EW, Shannon M, Hibberd PL. The Internet and psychoactive substance use among innovative drug users. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):302–5.

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Collins, D., Willmott, T., & Collins, L. (2018). Periodization and self-regulation in action sports: Coping with the emotional load. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1652. Gadd SA, Keeley DM, Balmforth HF. Pitfalls in risk assessment: examples from the UK. Saf Sci. 2004;42(9):841–57. Haslam C, O'Hara J, Kazi A, Twumasi R, Haslam R. Proactive occupational safety and health management: promoting good health and good business. Saf Sci. 2016;81:99–108. Winning-at-all-costs in the workplace: Short-term gains could spell long-term disaster (2019, September 18)Albright JP, Saterbak A, Stokes J. Use of knee braces in sport - current recommendations. Sports Med. 1995;20(5):281–301. All of the four studies reviewed on medicine usage awareness have high or excellent methodological quality. The main reason for the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) ban on the use of certain medicines is because of an actual or potential health risk to the athlete [ 81]. Many elite athletes take non-doping-classified medicines for enhancing athletic performance or treating injuries. From an OSH perspective, a control measure can increase the occupational risk if it is not appropriately managed. In this case, there will be a potential source of harm or adverse health effect on elite athletes if the medicine is taken improperly. Injured athletes who fail to report an injury may take medicine to mask pain so they can continue training and competing [ 82]. By examining urine sample of athletes in the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000, a study pointed to a dangerous overuse of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents [ 83]. Blood sample measurements from athletes ( n = 330) in the 2004 New Zealand Ironman triathlon identified the prevalence of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) was 30% [ 84]. Another study [ 85] has identified a high rate of non-prescribed use of NSAID consumption among triathletes from 23 different countries, but it was not specified how the questionnaires were distributed and collected. Among younger athletes, a study [ 86] reported nearly one of seven high school football players used NSAIDs daily, according to data from self-administered questionnaires. However, the incidence might be under-reported considering coaches distributed the questionnaires which may lead to bias. These studies indicate elite athletes frequently take incorrect doses for extended periods and are not aware of the potentially deleterious adverse effects. Elite athletes have also been shown to use NSAIDs the day before competing for pain prevention [ 85, 86], such as for delayed-onset muscle soreness [ 87] as a “prophylactic pain treatment” [ 88]. Medicine usage for pain prevention can be found in various sports such as American football [ 86], soccer [ 88], marathon running [ 89] and triathlon [ 84]. Benson BW, Hamilton GM, Meeuwisse WH, McCrory P, Dvorak J. Is protective equipment useful in preventing concussion? A systematic review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(1):i56–67.