The King Over the Water: A Complete History of the Jacobites

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Various origins have been suggested, including its use as an ancient Scottish royal device, its association with James II as Duke of York, or Charles I being styled as the "White King". This memorialising tendency was reinforced by the publication in the 1830s of selections from The Lyon in Mourning by Robert Forbes (1708–1775), a collection of source material and interviews with Jacobite participants in the 1745 rising. Meanwhile, France gave formal recognition to the Cromwellian Commonwealth, and Charles, anxious for his own safety, travelled to the German lands, spending time in Cologne after the Imperial Diet at Regensburg had offered him support and a pension.

Establishing the ideology of active participants is complicated by the fact that "by and large, those who wrote most did not act, and those who acted wrote little, if anything. The next heir-in-line would be her eldest son Prince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein (born 1995) of the House of Liechtenstein. Defeat in 1652 led to the mass confiscation of Catholic and Royalist land, and its re-distribution among English Parliamentary soldiers and Protestant settlers. The tables below set out the male-preference primogeniture line of succession, unaltered by those statutes.James left Ireland after defeat at the Boyne in 1690, telling his supporters to "shift for themselves". By virtue of Article II of the Treaty of Union between England and Scotland (put into law by the Acts of Union 1707), which defined the succession to the throne of Great Britain, the Act of Settlement became part of Scots law as well. Franz, Duke of Bavaria (born 1933), a direct descendant of Charles I, is the current legitimate heir of the house of Stuart. Divine right" also clashed with Catholic allegiance to the Pope and with Protestant nonconformists, since both argued there was an authority above the king.

With political Jacobitism now safely confined to an "earlier era", the hitherto largely ignored site of their final defeat at Culloden began to be celebrated. You mentioned that his mother Henrietta Maria was given a pension by Louis XIV to support her during her exile. Other family heirlooms contained reference to executed Jacobite martyrs, for which the movement preserved an unusual level of veneration. Upon the extinction of the Royal Stuart line with the death of Henry, Cardinal of York, and applying male-preference primogeniture unaltered by the Act of Settlement 1701, the succession would have passed to the individuals named in the table below.The Duke earned his reputation as a ‘butcher’ in those desolate fields east of Inverness, reportedly gathering up piles of dying Jacobite troops only to fire cannon into them. The Duke of Cumberland, the son of George II, never forgot this, making it a personal ambition to put an end for good to what he saw as a truly cancerous problem. The heir presumptive would be the present holder's younger brother, Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria (born 1937). In his mind, James II was a reasonable king forced out by a Whig aristocracy that hated not just

The result was a three-way contest between the Confederacy, Royalist forces under the Protestant Duke of Ormond, and a Covenanter-led army in Ulster. With the death of the last Stuart, the House of Hanover was completely established as the only credible dynasty for the British throne. Jacobitism went into a rapid decline and with the death of Charles, the 'Young Pretender' in 1788, the Jacobite succession lost what was left of its political importance. A spokesman for the current heir, Franz, Duke of Bavaria, has described his position in the line of succession as "purely hypothetical" and a question "which does not concern him".

Jacobite propagandists argued such divinely sanctioned authority was the main moral safeguard of society, while its absence led to party strife. Excluded from the succession by law because of their Roman Catholicism, James's Stuart descendants pursued their claims to the crowns as pretenders. Many Presbyterians opposed the establishment of the Episcopal Church in 1712 and other measures of indulgence, while the worst tax riots took place in Glasgow, a town noted for its antipathy to the Stuarts.