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Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great "Antarctic" ( antipodean) landmass had been anticipated for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II. [109] If continents are defined strictly as discrete landmasses, embracing all the contiguous land of a body, then Africa, Asia, and Europe form a single continent which may be referred to as Afro-Eurasia. [17] Combined with the consolidation of the Americas, this would produce a four-continent model consisting of Afro-Eurasia, America, Antarctica, and Australia. Earth's major landmasses all have coasts on a single, continuous World Ocean, which is divided into a number of principal oceanic components by the continents and various geographic criteria. [6] [7] Extent

Continents: What is a Continent?". National Geographic. 20 September 2011. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019 . Retrieved 6 December 2020. "Most people recognize seven continents—Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia, from largest to smallest—although sometimes Asia and Europe are considered a single continent, Eurasia."UT Austin scientist plays major rule in study of underwater "micro-continent" ". Utexas.edu. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007 . Retrieved 26 August 2012. Continent Map | Map of Continents | Continent Size, Populations, Number of Countries, Worldatlas.com, 2016 [zarchiwizowane 2016-03-04] . continent [2, n] 6" (1996) Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged. ProQuest Information and Learning. "a large segment of the earth's outer shell including a terrestrial continent and the adjacent continental shelf"

Continents". Archived from the original on 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016. six-continent model (used mostly in France, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Greece, and Latin America) groups together North America+South America into the single continent America. Martin W. Lewis and Kären E. Wigen, The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997) Wigen The movement of plates has caused the continual formation and breakup of continents, and occasionally supercontinents, in a process called the Wilson Cycle. The supercontinent Columbia or Nuna formed during a period of 2.0–1.8 billion years ago and broke up about 1.5–1.3 billion years ago. [120] [121] The supercontinent Rodinia is thought to have formed about 1 billion years ago and to have embodied most or all of Earth's continents, and broken up into eight continents around 600 million years ago. The eight continents later reassembled into another supercontinent called Pangaea; Pangaea broke up into Laurasia (which became North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (which became the remaining continents). [122] See alsoChatterjee, Sankar (2015). The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp.204–. ISBN 978-1-4214-1614-4– via Google Books.

Müller, F. Max (1883). India: What Can It Teach Us?. London: Longmans, Green & Co. p.202. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023 . Retrieved 7 September 2023. The Connachta are a group of medieval Irish dynasties who claimed descent from the legendary High King Conn Cétchathach (Conn of the Hundred Battles). The modern western province of Connacht ( Irish Cúige Chonnacht, province, literally "fifth", of the Connachta) takes its name from them, although the territories of the Connachta also included at various times parts of southern and western Ulster and northern Leinster. Their traditional capital was Cruachan (modern Rathcroghan, County Roscommon). [1] Early peoples and kingdoms of Ireland, c.800 Origins [ edit ] Hillstrom, Kevin; Collier Hillstrom, Laurie (2003). Africa and the Middle East: a continental overview of environmental issues. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p.50. ISBN 978-1-57607-688-0– via Google Books. Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären E. (1997). The Myth of Continents: a Critique of Metageography. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20743-1– via Google Books. FACT #5.As per NASA, in winter the average temperature in Antarctica is – 34.4 Celsius (minus 30 degrees Fahrenheit).

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The dynasties of the Airgíalla, and through them the Uí Maine, while also counted as belonging to the Connachta by medieval genealogists, [6] [7] may not possibly be related, as some have assessed that they descend from other peoples later added to the genealogical scheme. [8] Regardless, the connections to Uí Maine with each of the septs and their defined ancestor have been maintained for well over a millennium. Leonard, Thomas M. (2005). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Psychology Press. pp.1637–. ISBN 978-1-57958-388-0– via Google Books. What constitutes the United States, what are the official definitions?". www.usgs.gov . Retrieved 21 November 2022.

Over time, the western concept of dividing the world into continents spread globally, replacing conceptions in other areas of the world. The idea of continents continued to become imbued with cultural and political meaning. In the 19th century during the Meiji period, Japanese leaders began to self-identify with the concept of being Asian, and renew relations with other "Asian" countries while conceiving of the idea of Asian solidarity against western countries. This conception of an Asian identity, as well as the idea of Asian solidarity, was later taken up by others in the region, such as Republican China and Vietnam. [110] Monkhouse, F. J.; Small, John (1978). A Dictionary of the Natural Environment. London: Edward Arnold. pp.67–68. structurally it includes shallowly submerged adjacent areas (continental shelf) and neighbouring islandsIn 1501, Amerigo Vespucci and Gonçalo Coelho attempted to sail around what they considered the southern end of the Asian mainland into the Indian Ocean, passing through Fernando de Noronha. After reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed along the coast of South America much farther south than Asia was known to extend, confirming that this was a land of continental proportions. [88] On return to Europe, an account of the voyage, called Mundus Novus ("New World"), was published under Vespucci's name in 1502 or 1503, [89] although it seems that it had additions or alterations by another writer. [90] Regardless of who penned the words, Mundus Novus credited Vespucci with saying, "I have discovered a continent in those southern regions that is inhabited by more numerous people and animals than our Europe, or Asia or Africa", [91] the first known explicit identification of part of the Americas as a continent like the other three. continent 1 n." (2006) The Concise Oxford English Dictionary, 11th edition revised. (Ed.) Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press. Levin, Harold L. (2010). The earth through time (9thed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. pp.173–174. ISBN 978-0470387740.